Standard Catalog of World Paper Money Specialized Issues (11 ed.). Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 1601–Present (6th ed.). ^ a b Khandani, Babak, German Qaran and Toman,, archived from the original on, retrieved."Can a New Currency End Tehran's Economic Woes?". ^ a b Maziar Motamedi (29 January 2019).: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help) In Tocharian A, there is 'tman,' in Tocharian B 'tmane', 'tumane'. This 'tumen' in these Altaic languages is certainly a borrowing from Tocharian (Clauson 1972). 'Tumen' (ten thousand) was also in Old Turkic. These are a borrowing from the Mongolian word 'tumen' (ten thousand). This 'zh-mun' is quite similar to the word in Altai languages meaning 'ten thousand.' In Jurchen, 'ten thousand' was called 'tumen.' In 'Yongbi Och'onga' ("eulogy of the foundation of the Yi Dynasty") (1, 8), there is a footnote that ' ' ( tumen) of ' ' (the Tuman river of today) came from the Jurchen word meaning 'ten thousand.' In Manchu, ' ' (ten thousand) is also 'tumen'. Lastly, I would like to add a comment on 'zh-mun' (thousand) in Middle Korean. ^ ".his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages-a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp.Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. ^ "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic).Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W.^ "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg.Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. ^ "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J.toman "10,000," originally designating a value of 10,000 dinars) of copper coins ( folūs) per year. (.) of Transoxania (near modern Dushanbe), for 1,000 tomans ( tūmān < Mong. The unit of reckoning was the tūmān ( from the Mongol tümen, i.e. In Jackson, Peter Lockhart, Laurence (eds.). The last gold toman were issued in 1965, well after the toman had ceased to be an official Iranian currency. With the introduction of milled coinage in AH1295, denominations included 1⁄ 5, 1⁄ 2, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 25 toman. During the period of hammered coinage, gold toman coins were struck in denominations of 1⁄ 4, 1⁄ 2, 1, 2 and 10 toman, and later 1⁄ 5, 3 and 6 toman. Iranian gold coins were denominated in toman, with copper and silver coins denominated in dinar, rial or qiran. The changeover was expected to be phased in for up to two years. This proposal was approved by the Iranian parliament in May 2020. The proposal would see the new toman divided into 100 qirans. In July 2019, the Iranian government approved a bill to change the national currency from the rial to the toman with one new toman equalling 10,000 rials, a process that would reportedly cost $160 million. In early 2019, following the hyperinflation of the rial, the central bank made a new proposal, suggesting the currency be redenominated by introducing a new toman with a value of 10 rials. On 7 December 2016, the Iranian government approved a call by the Iranian central bank to replace the Iranian rial with the more colloquially and historically known toman denomination. In 1932, the rial replaced the qiran at par, with one toman being equal to 10 rial. In 1825, the qiran was introduced, worth 1,000 dinars or one-tenth of a toman. Between 17, the toman was also subdivided into eight rials, each of 1,250 dinars. Originally, the toman consisted of 10,000 dinars. Although the rial is the official currency, Iranians use the toman in everyday life. The Iranian toman ( Persian: تومان, romanized: tūmân, pronounced from Mongolian tümen "unit of ten thousand", see the unit called tumen) is a superunit of the official currency of Iran, the rial. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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